The award, which recognises the best Brazilian player in Europe and is voted for by fans, journalists and a selection of former players, was previously won by the Paris Saint-Germain superstar in 2014 and 2015 during his time at Barcelona.
It means Neymar joins club team-mate Thiago Silva with three victories in the poll, which launched with inaugural winner Kaka in 2008.
Liverpool midfielder Philippe Coutinho – still touted as a potential Camp Nou replacement for Neymar – won in 2016 and came second overall this time around, with Real Madrid full-back Marcelo coming in third ahead of Paulinho, Casemiro and Gabriel Jesus.
Neymar has scored 17 goals in 20 appearances for PSG since joining from Barca in a world record €222million deal in August.
He will receive his trophy at a ceremony in Paris in February.
